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Firefox Developer Edition for Mac, which is better known as Firefox Quantum, lets you try out the newest development tools and features that are coming to the main Firefox versions soon.
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Sketch your User Interface ideas and get everyone on the same page. With Buildbox for Mac, the goal was simple: to design the ultimate video game maker that allows anyone to make a video game. There is no coding or programming required.
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Mono for Mac is a software platform designed to allow developers to easily create cross platform applications part of the. NET Foundation. Sponsored by Microsoft, Mono is an open source implementation of Microsoft's. NumPy Numerical Python is the fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. NumPy is licensed under the BSD license, enabling reuse with few restrictions.
This is basically an open source library which is compatible with several operating systems for securing data that you transfer online. Unlike dual-boot solutions,. Rocrail for Mac is free software for controlling model trains for macOS operating systems.
Release notes (Mac) - MAMP & MAMP PRO - Navigation menu
Methamphetamine [note 1] contracted from N - methylamphetamine is a potent central nervous system CNS stimulant that is mainly used as a recreational drug and less commonly as a second-line treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obesity. It is rarely prescribed over concerns involving human neurotoxicity and potential for recreational use as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant , among other concerns, as well as the availability of safer substitute drugs with comparable treatment efficacy such as Adderall and Vyvanse.
Dextromethamphetamine is a stronger CNS stimulant than levomethamphetamine. Both racemic methamphetamine and dextromethamphetamine are illicitly trafficked and sold owing to their potential for recreational use.
The highest prevalence of illegal methamphetamine use occurs in parts of Asia and Oceania, and in the United States, where racemic methamphetamine and dextromethamphetamine are classified as schedule II controlled substances. Levomethamphetamine is available as an over-the-counter OTC drug for use as an inhaled nasal decongestant in the United States.
While dextromethamphetamine is a more potent drug, racemic methamphetamine is illicitly produced more often due to the relative ease of synthesis and regulatory limits of chemical precursor availability.
In low to moderate doses, methamphetamine can elevate mood , increase alertness, concentration and energy in fatigued individuals, reduce appetite, and promote weight loss. At very high doses, it can induce psychosis , breakdown of skeletal muscle , seizures and bleeding in the brain. Chronic high-dose use can precipitate unpredictable and rapid mood swings , stimulant psychosis e. Recreationally, methamphetamine's ability to increase energy has been reported to lift mood and increase sexual desire to such an extent that users are able to engage in sexual activity continuously for several days while binging the drug.
Withdrawal from methamphetamine after heavy use may lead to a post-acute-withdrawal syndrome , which can persist for months beyond the typical withdrawal period. Methamphetamine is neurotoxic to human midbrain dopaminergic neurons at high doses.
Methamphetamine has been shown to have a higher affinity and, as a result, higher toxicity toward serotonergic neurons than amphetamine. Methamphetamine belongs to the substituted phenethylamine and substituted amphetamine chemical classes. It is related to the other dimethylphenethylamines as a positional isomer of these compounds, which share the common chemical formula C 10 H 15 N. In the United States, methamphetamine hydrochloride, under the trade name Desoxyn , has been approved by the FDA for treating ADHD and obesity in both adults and children; [24] [25] however, the FDA also indicates that the limited therapeutic usefulness of methamphetamine should be weighed against the inherent risks associated with its use.
As methamphetamine is associated with a high potential for misuse, the drug is regulated under the Controlled Substances Act and is listed under Schedule II in the United States. Methamphetamine is often used recreationally for its effects as a potent euphoriant and stimulant as well as aphrodisiac qualities.
According to a National Geographic TV documentary on methamphetamine, an entire subculture known as party and play is based around sexual activity and methamphetamine use. Methamphetamine is contraindicated in individuals with a history of substance use disorder , heart disease , or severe agitation or anxiety, or in individuals currently experiencing arteriosclerosis , glaucoma , hyperthyroidism , or severe hypertension.
The physical effects of methamphetamine can include loss of appetite , hyperactivity, dilated pupils , flushed skin , excessive sweating , increased movement , dry mouth and teeth grinding leading to " meth mouth " , headache, irregular heartbeat usually as accelerated heartbeat or slowed heartbeat , rapid breathing , high blood pressure , low blood pressure , high body temperature , diarrhea, constipation, blurred vision , dizziness , twitching , numbness , tremors , dry skin, acne , and pale appearance.
Methamphetamine users and addicts may lose their teeth abnormally quickly, regardless of the route of administration, from a condition informally known as meth mouth. They suggest the side effect has been exaggerated and stylized to create a stereotype of current users as a deterrence for new ones. Methamphetamine use was found to be related to higher frequencies of unprotected sexual intercourse in both HIV-positive and unknown casual partners, an association more pronounced in HIV-positive participants.
Besides the sexual transmission of HIV, it may also be transmitted between users who share a common needle. Doses of mg or more of methamphetamine are considered fatal. The psychological effects of methamphetamine can include euphoria , dysphoria , changes in libido , alertness , apprehension and concentration , decreased sense of fatigue, insomnia or wakefulness , self-confidence , sociability, irritability, restlessness, grandiosity and repetitive and obsessive behaviors.
Methamphetamine is directly neurotoxic to dopaminergic neurons in both lab animals and humans. Magnetic resonance imaging studies on human methamphetamine users have also found evidence of neurodegeneration, or adverse neuroplastic changes in brain structure and function. Current models of addiction from chronic drug use involve alterations in gene expression in certain parts of the brain, particularly the nucleus accumbens.
The frequent persistence of addiction suggests that long-lasting changes in gene expression may occur in particular regions of the brain, and may contribute importantly to the addiction phenotype. Recently a crucial role has been found for epigenetic mechanisms in driving lasting changes in gene expression in the brain.
A review in [80] summarized a number of studies involving chronic methamphetamine use in rodents. Epigenetic alterations were observed in the brain reward pathways , including areas like ventral tegmental area , nucleus accumbens , and dorsal striatum , the hippocampus , and the prefrontal cortex. Chronic methamphetamine use caused gene-specific histone acetylations, deacetylations and methylations. Gene-specific DNA methylations in particular regions of the brain were also observed.
The various epigenetic alterations caused downregulations or upregulations of specific genes important in addiction. For instance, chronic methamphetamine use caused methylation of the lysine in position 4 of histone 3 located at the promoters of the c-fos and the C-C chemokine receptor 2 ccr2 genes, activating those genes in the nucleus accumbens NAc.
In methamphetamine addicted rats, epigenetic regulation through reduced acetylation of histones, in brain striatal neurons, caused reduced transcription of glutamate receptors.
Administration of methamphetamine to rodents causes DNA damage in their brain, particularly in the nucleus accumbens region. A systematic review and network meta-analysis of 50 trials involving 12 different psychosocial interventions for amphetamine, methamphetamine, or cocaine addiction found that combination therapy with both contingency management and community reinforcement approach had the highest efficacy i. As of December [update] , there is no effective pharmacotherapy for methamphetamine addiction.
Tolerance is expected to develop with regular methamphetamine use and, when used recreationally, this tolerance develops rapidly. According to the current Cochrane review on drug dependence and withdrawal in recreational users of methamphetamine, "when chronic heavy users abruptly discontinue [methamphetamine] use, many report a time-limited withdrawal syndrome that occurs within 24 hours of their last dose".
Methamphetamine that is present in a mother's bloodstream can pass through the placenta to a fetus and be secreted into breast milk. Unlike other drugs, babies with prenatal exposure to methamphetamines don't show immediate signs of withdrawal.
Instead, cognitive and behavioral problems start emerging when the children reach school age. A methamphetamine overdose may result in a wide range of symptoms.
Use of methamphetamine can result in a stimulant psychosis which may present with a variety of symptoms e. Acute methamphetamine intoxication is largely managed by treating the symptoms and treatments may initially include administration of activated charcoal and sedation.
Antipsychotics such as haloperidol are useful in treating agitation and psychosis from methamphetamine overdose. Methamphetamine has been identified as a potent full agonist of trace amine-associated receptor 1 TAAR1 , a G protein-coupled receptor GPCR that regulates brain catecholamine systems. In addition to its effect on the plasma membrane monoamine transporters, methamphetamine inhibits synaptic vesicle function by inhibiting VMAT2 , which prevents monoamine uptake into the vesicles and promotes their release.
The main metabolic pathways involve aromatic para-hydroxylation, aliphatic alpha- and beta-hydroxylation, N-oxidation, N-dealkylation, and deamination. Methamphetamine and amphetamine are often measured in urine or blood as part of a drug test for sports, employment, poisoning diagnostics, and forensics.
Methamphetamine is a chiral compound with two enantiomers, dextromethamphetamine and levomethamphetamine. At room temperature, the free base of methamphetamine is a clear and colorless liquid with an odor characteristic of geranium leaves.
In contrast, the methamphetamine hydrochloride salt is odorless with a bitter taste. A study into the destruction of methamphetamine using bleach showed that effectiveness is correlated with exposure time and concentration.
Racemic methamphetamine may be prepared starting from phenylacetone by either the Leuckart [] or reductive amination methods. Since , methamphetamine was marketed on a large scale in Germany as a nonprescription drug under the brand name Pervitin , produced by the Berlin-based Temmler pharmaceutical company.
However, the side effects, particularly the withdrawal symptoms, were so serious that the army sharply cut back its usage in Soldiers would only receive a couple of tablets at a time, and were discouraged from using them in combat. Suffering from a drug hangover and looking more like a zombie than a great warrior, he had to recover from the side effects. Some soldiers turned violent, committing war crimes against civilians; others attacked their own officers.
At the end of the war, it was used as part of a new drug: D-IX. Obetrol , patented by Obetrol Pharmaceuticals in the s and indicated for treatment of obesity , was one of the first brands of pharmaceutical methamphetamine products.
The Golden Triangle Southeast Asia , specifically Shan State , Myanmar, is the world's leading producer of methamphetamine as production has shifted to Yaba and crystalline methamphetamine, including for export to the United States and across East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific.
Concerning the accelerating synthetic drug production in the region, the Cantonese Chinese syndicate Sam Gor , also known as The Company, is understood to be the main international crime syndicate responsible for this shift. Sam Gor previously produced meth in Southern China and is now believed to manufacture mainly in the Golden Triangle , specifically Shan State, Myanmar, responsible for much of the massive surge of crystal meth in recent years.
Liu Zhaohua was another individual involved in the production and trafficking of methamphetamine until his arrest in The production, distribution, sale, and possession of methamphetamine is restricted or illegal in many jurisdictions. It has been suggested, based on animal research, that calcitriol, the active metabolite of vitamin D , can provide significant protection against the DA- and 5-HT-depleting effects of neurotoxic doses of methamphetamine.
Stimulants: Phenylethanolamine. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Central nervous system stimulant. This article is about the stimulant drug. For other uses, see Meth disambiguation. For the sculpture by Takashi Murakami, see Hiropon sculpture. IUPAC name. DB Y. D Y. Interactive image. CNC C Cc1ccccc1.
See also: Party and play and the Recreational routes of methamphetamine administration. Main article: Meth mouth. Signaling cascade in the nucleus accumbens that results in psychostimulant addiction v t e.
Note: colored text contains article links. Nuclear pore. Nuclear membrane. Plasma membrane. See also: Aimo Koivunen. Metabolic pathways of methamphetamine in humans [sources 2]. Benzoic acid. Hippuric acid. Methamphetamine synthesis. Method of methamphetamine synthesis of methamphetamine via reductive amination. Methods of methamphetamine synthesis via the Leuckart reaction.
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